Everyone had a favorite videogame shop as a kid, with plenty of happy (and maybe not-so-happy) memories.
Maybe it was EG or a Game, if you’re UK based, or perhaps a Gamestop, Blockbuster or a mom-and-pop shop even.
As for me, well, most of my games, as a child, I bought them at newspaper kiosks.
Maybe that doesn’t sound so weird, but there is another small detail to note: those were unauthorised copies of copyrighted C64 titles, sold as originals.
And yes, that was perfectly normal, one could buy pirated games all over Italy and no one even noticed or cared.
Buckle up and get ready for this eventful journey around Italy and its dubious relationship with copyrighted software in the 80s and 90s.

Software piracy is, naturally, a problem that has affected the industry since the early days: many articles have been dedicated to copy protection, the Atari vs Coleco suit and the immortal concept of “abandonware”. It always has been a hot topic, especially for such a relatively young medium like videogames.
Still, Italy is the only European country – that I know of – where counterfeiting has been, for such a prolonged period of time, not only blatant, but produced and sold on a national scale.
Up until 1993 it was entirely possible to sell unlicensed software on the entire Italian territory with only minor legal risks. Only by the end of 1992, probably only because the EU required all national members to do so, a law encompassing all types of copyright protection was passed.
Pirated games in Italy were already being regularly sold since the early eighties, with many apparently “legit” retail shops having a pretty lucrative business on the side, making copies on-the-fly at the customers’ request.
The already cracked games were being sold to the retailers by the “crackers” themselves, commanding pretty high prices for highly requested titles. Some of them managed to get rich pretty quickly, especially because this was a shadow economy with no state control nor taxation.
That was only the beginning: in the mid 80s, in order to meet the market’s ever-growing demand, piracy would grow larger and more organised.

Legitimate registered companies began to publish and distribute unlicensed software themselves; not sold in computer shops, mind you, but in brick and mortar stores like newspaper kiosks and toy shops.
My mother once bought me a “Busta sorpresa”: those were an hybrid between a blind bag and a “nostalgic lootbox” filled with random unsold knicknacks, usually found in newspaper kiosks. Inside one of those generic looking blind bags, I found an unboxed C64 cassette, with no instructions whatsoever, that contained, guess what, pirated games.
Since the original pre-1993 copyright law didn’t specifically mention software among protected properties, it wasn’t possible for a court of law to issue criminal penalties, this because Italian penal law dictates that no one can be punished without an ad-hoc norm for the crime.
In the civil courts, judicial interpretation of the original copyright law helped the software houses win some of the battles. These hearings though, as per the norm with the Italian court system, took years to come at a sentence and, naturally, required a serious economical interest by the parties involved.
The developer or publisher in question had to be established in Italy or had sustained substantial economic losses to justify spending time and money to go to court. Naturally, few companies could afford such an investment, especially to protect their properties in a confusing market that was already under-developed to begin with.
Let’s not forget that, in the late 80s, a game was considered successful if it sold 10.000 copies: the Italian market was even smaller and the stakes lower.
Thus, the pirates felt safe because of the limited profitability, compared to UK and America, along with the legal system being decrepit and impossibly slow to react.

Naturally, lists of software houses that weren’t to be touched because of their particular litigiousness circulated among the “operators”.
Companies that had an agreement with overseas publishers, for example Miwa Trading with Activision software, went bankrupt because of poor sales. Others, like John Holder, head of Leader publishing company, decided to force some of the pirates to an agreement to, at least, get some money from their sales, since stopping them altogether was impossible.
The pirates were actually more afraid of the national revenue service than of the police!
Even if one rejected the idea of buying a pirated game, by the mid 80s the choice wasn’t even there anymore, such was the grip of the pirates on the market.
What is important to note here is how unprejudiced the Italian counterfeiting industry was. Since it was possible to buy unlicensed software in shops that didn’t even sell computers or consoles, this contributed to the public perception – still somewhat present today – that it was a “forgivable offense”.
Along with my parents, I’m pretty sure most people had no idea they were buying pirated software. As a kid I felt that there was something strange, seeing Pac-man called “Pallino” (polka-dot), but, of course, I never fully realized what was going on.

One crucial piece of the puzzle, contributing significantly to the shift from “retail” selling of pirated games to nationwide distribution of unauthorised software, was the audio tape.
It was easy to duplicate, cheap to manufacture and sell, it could also contain more than one game, thus companies could start selling compilations. The reputation of the tape was such that legit companies refused to carry games on it, adopting cartridges and floppies instead.
After the medium’s decline for home computers, it’s no wonder that piracy came to a screeching halt, slowly going back to the retail business model, which was still viable for Amiga.
In the late 90s, it sprung back to life thanks to the PsX, a pretty easy console to mod; the discs were being sold on the streets where kids hang out, like counterfeit Gucci bags or cheap drugs.
Naturally, cassette tapes were also prone to being faulty and it was very common for at least one game on those compilations to be unplayable. The companies offered free replacements, while I don’t think anyone ever bothered taking up on that offer, at least the pirates offered pretty good customer support…
By 1986, the counterfeiting industry was so widespread that some of those companies reported selling a million copies of repackaged titles.

Listen! Lost italian sailors in a stormy copyrighted sea sing their song

The tale of Armati cassettes

One common trait to the business scheme of many of the companies and individuals that sold tapes and floppies is that their responsability began and ended with packaging and publishing; the crackers would do all the dirty work and remained solely responsible. It was pretty common for the companies to ask the young programmers to sign a sort of indemnity, which forced the crackers to insert their “names” as developers, hence boring all legal risks.
Mario Arioti (or Armati, as he was known in piracy circles) is a very pivotal figure in the italian piracy business, one of the first to create a whole industry, just outside Bologna, and making quite a profit by repackaging cracked games
Armati cassettes only changed the original cover, keeping the original title, everything else was left intact; to be fair, it was a solid product, sold all over the country ever since 1977; I had a couple of those cassettes as well.
Arioti was also the first one to repent on his swashbuckling business, deciding to work, from 1986 onwards, alongside software publishers and publishing legitimate licensed software, even some developed in Italy. Still, in the last interview he gave to a magazine in 1987, he confessed to still selling pirated software, “as to avoid other competitors getting in the business”.

The miracle of San Gennaro: the “Napoletane”

In the multicolored world of swashbuckling, there was one product who stood alone: the cassettes produced in Napoli. They were called napoletane (literally “from Napoli”): an umbrella term which identified a bunch of programmers working directly with newspaper kiosks and shops, hiding behind various names like Alga Soft, F.S.N. or Penguin Soft.
The crackers would download the software directly via BBS, produced the cassettes and sold them, with no business intermediary; they were so prompt that it was possible to find all of the titles the magazine Zzap! reviewed within a few days.
For the average consumer, the “napoletane” were the best of both worlds: not only the original names were left intact and the games untouched, but a single cassette contained many new releases, along with trainers and cheats that were a needed feature back then.
The “napoletan pirates” were pretty market-savvy, hence they also offered releases with longer multiload titles (which were the equivalent of 6 dollars/euros in today’s money for a single game) or a double cassette at 10. By selling directly via agreements between the pirates and the newspapers agents themselves, they could offer low prices for relatively high quality products.
Apparently the “napoletane”, even though continuing production until 1992, never reached nationwide distribution; personally I never saw them in any of the kiosks in my town of Roma, even though I remember having one of them.

SIPE and Edigamma like Blackbeard and Henry Morgan

One based in Milano, the other in Roma, SIPE and Edigamma were among the major players in pirated software sold in shops all over Italy. Their products were worlds apart from Armati and “napoletane” cassettes: theirs was a case of quantity over quality, along with a different business model.
According to SIPE, their compilations came about because it was impossible for Italian companies to find a fair agreement with the original publishers in order to distribute their titles on the national territory with a decent price.
To be fair they had a point: those few C64 games that appeared on the market in 1983/84 were crazy expensive, especially for such simple gameplay.
An average Commodore 64 title, back then, costed in the realm of 200-250 modern euros/dollars, basically 1/10th of the price of the computer itself. A family with an average income could afford to buy, at the most, one game per month. By 1987, though, prices had dropped drastically, it was possible to buy a game paying around 50 euros/dollars but alas, it was too late.
One compilation of unlicensed software went for something like 5 dollars/euros today, others with more games costed just a little more.
Hence, SIPE and Edigamma made up a variety of different editorial series under different names and formats, even going as far as including gadget like t-shirts and pins. Still, they were just the same thing over and over: compilations of unlicensed cracked games.

Software piracy as a strategy of confusion: SIPE and Edigamma’s business model

SIPE and Edigamma were arguably the more organised among the various players and the ones responsible for what I have named “the bucaneer confusion“.
They went about publishing pirated games with a Jeff Bezos-worthy business plan: avoid all possible legal risk and keep costs at a minimum. The crackers were given a very specific set of instructions to follow: they had to destroy any reference to the original game. Title, programmer/software house and the plot and characters’ names (especially if licensed from a movie or comic book) were gone.
Since there was little-to-no quality control, the crackers would modify the games’ structure as they saw fit. It might be fair to say that many titles that would have never been released on the market, at least managed to reach more gamers, with an italian translation to boot. Unfortunately, one couldn’t really count on those homemade translations to make any sense, since, again, were based on made-up stories and characters.
Still, changing names was only the tip of the iceberg of the confusion.
Those compilations rapidly became bottom of the barrel junk: they containted simple titles and guaranteed the player to play “a version” of the game, not that it could be finished or completed.
When C64 games started becoming slightly more complex, with multi loads or requiring more than one cassette, SIPE and Edigamma told the crackers to cut up single levels from longer titles in order to make several games out of one. For example, The Last Ninja 2 came out as 6 or 7 different games, which were almost impossible to piece together.
This also meant that the ending sequences were removed and the game would just freeze after a certain point.

By 1988, the business was booming while the quality dropped through the floor and confusion ran rampant.
Trying to find all levels of a multiload game on the various publications was nigh impossible: SIPE, Edigamma and several others didn’t care for their product to make any sense.
It is very common for Italian gamers of a certain age to go around asking for the original title of a game, even though not always that helps. After finding out the title, many times I found myself even more confused, not realizing I had never played level one, but only level three.
Dear reader, you might be thinking, “at least the unofficial title stuck and was never changed”, well you would be wrong.
Not only every company used different names for the same game, some of them would also release multiple times different levels of the same game under a kaleidoscope of different titles.
It was basically useless to check the titles before buying a compilation to avoid duplicates, even if they were by the same company.
Now, let’s try to shed some light on the confusion.

The Sipe-Edigamma naming convention

Sipe and Edigamma’s mission was never to translate the original title, always remember their first creed: they didn’t care.
Most times, the crackers just replaced it with something that would fit within the allowed character limit, otherwise it would look corrupted. Again, not that they cared, but let’s move on.
The companies also had a pretty nasty habit of switching the original titles around, reaching such heightened levels of confusion as the horror movie sequels of the 80s: La Casa 3, Zombi 3, Zombi 5, Non Aprite Quella Porta 3 (the italian unofficial sequel to Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2).
For example, the pirated “Samurai Warriors” wasn’t really a version of Samurai Warrior: the battles of Usagi Yojimbo, that would make too much sense: it was Way of the Exploding fist.
Actually the Usagi Yojimbo game came out under four different names for various companies: Karma, Harakiri, Kendo San (?), Samu Ray. Well, at least they were all kind of inspired by the game and not entirely made up.
Bruce Lee? Come on, that’s an easy one: Banzai, China Chen (THAT’S RACIST!), Karate and Karate box [sic].
What about a classic title, like Turrican? It came out as Frexxan (huh?), Go and Job. Bible based 2D shooter?
Naturally, Edigamma didn’t care to help the player in identifying a sequel, hence Turrican 2 was renamed Jehl.
Boulder Dash was gifted a wondrous ten different names. Rockman (Rockford would have made too much sense), Space Roc [sic], Vanga Man, Pedro, Jump in, Diamonds, Escavator, Firefly, Rolling Stones and Zep.
They could have stuck Queen in there too, at least one band for decade.
Finally, Creatures and its sequel came out under a random assortment of nonsensical words: Bongers, Fantasy, Gun Machine (?), Helf, Help Beards and Morxe.
Some of SIPE and Edigamma’s more luxurious releases were graced with poorly made loader screens vaguely inspired by the pirated games themselves.
Here’s a small gallery for your viewing pleasure.

While I only mentioned the Commodore 64, make no mistake about it: nationwide piracy hit all home computers that used tapes. The chances of someone bothering to claim copyright on a Spectrum/MSX game were also pretty slim, hence the compilations usually contained games for other home computers as well.
Italian magazines of the time went as far as calling it a “third world situation” and they were pretty much right.
National software development was basically non existent in the early eighties and beyond: almost no one wanted to produce and distribute legal titles. Why should one risk a hefty amount of capital to produce a title from a relatively unknown local programmer, when a compilation of pirated software was a safe bet with no serious legal risks involved?
On the bright side, piracy was one of the main factors in home computers being a massive success in Italy and, consequently, the disappointing sales of consoles, whose games commanded outrageous prices all the way through the 90s.
On the not so bright side, piracy shot massive cannon balls to Italy’s own software houses for years: capitals for them to grow and expand were very much limited. It is no wonder then that, beside a few names like Milestone and Artematica, Italian software houses were never competitive on a European level.

If there is one thing to be learned from history is its tendency to repeat itself, but this is not our case: with the introduction of the Euro, prices of technological goods in Italy have dropped by a considerable margin.
Nowadays there is very little point in pirating games.
Even so, the damages done by the ten years of rampant piracy are not easily repaired and the impact is still felt today. Here’s hoping that the country can learn from past mistakes and finally move on, in order to change things for the better for all future italian software developers.
To end on a personal note, if it wasn’t for piracy, I probably could have never played the staggering amount of C64 games I did as a child, so I gotta thank Sipe and Edigamma. They surely contributed significantly to make me the gamer I am today and opened my eyes to so many wonderful games which I still come back to.
Thank ye, you glorious bucaneers.
May your legend forever sail on (and never come back).

Sources and references:

“I pirati del software.” Futura, n. 19 (maggio-giugno 1985)
“P come Pirata”, Commodore Computer Club 34, September 1986
“Oltre le Edicole”, Commodore Computer Club 37, December 1986
“I Pirati in Italia”, Commodore Gazette 6, September 1987
“Licenza di Clonare”, K, January 1989

Credits due to the wonderful italian sites that were a major contribution in the writing of this article: Ready 64, Edicola 8 bit,Quattrobit.

Many thanks to Flemming Dupont for the pictures of the Armati Cassettes.